The economic crises that have punctuated the 21st century, most notably the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 crisis, have led to a growing realisation that alternatives to our present system are possible and perhaps inevitable.
In particular, there has been an erosion of the belief that the economy is able to provide a decent income to everyone who wants to work.
A number of proposals have been put forward in the wake of this realisation, among them:
- universal basic income, which would unconditionally provide every resident (children and adults) with a regular subsistence wage
- a job guarantee in which the government would provide real jobs, at the minimum wage, to all unemployed Australians.
Many seem utopian, which isn’t necessarily a bad thing – it’s good to look beyond the day-to-day to consider how things could be done differently.
In a new Australian National University Policy Brief we propose something practical, which we are calling a Liveable Income Guarantee (LIG).
Take the Age Pension …
It starts with one of the most successful institutions we’ve got: the Age Pension.
Before the Age Pension was introduced in 1908, retired Australians were highly likely to be poor. But now, on some measures, retired Australians are less likely to be in poverty than Australians of less than pension age.
Our proposal is to replicate this success for the entire population.
We are proposing a payment equal to the pension, and subject to the same asset and income tests, that would be provided to everyone who is willing to make a contribution to society consistent with their ability to do so.
… extend it to others
‘Contribution’ would be defined broadly to maximise contributions. Examples would include full-time study, volunteering, caring for children, ecological care and starting a small business.
The biggest shift relates to the treatment of unemployed workers and single parents.
JobSeeker is set to return to the unliveable rates of the former Newstart after the end of December.
We are suggesting that instead it be lifted to the rate of the Age Pension, which is about where it used to be before unemployment benefits were frozen in real terms in the 1990s.
Newstart versus the Age Pension
Dollars per fortnight, single. Source: Ben Phillips ANU, DSS
Parenting payments have also been notoriously low, especially for single parents, whose support has been cut consecutively by five prime ministers from Howard to Turnbull.
Unlike some proposals for a universal payment to all citizens, the increased expenditure required for the liveable income guarantee would be relatively modest, as little as $20 billion a year.
Do it for the price of tax cuts …
This is roughly comparable to the budget cost of the income tax cuts, primarily directed to high earners, legislated to take effect in 2022 and 2024.
The real barriers to the adoption of the proposal are ideological. The central assumption underlying economic policy in Australia has been that in a market economy everyone who wants a decent job is capable getting one.
It has followed that the unemployed are seen as either unwilling to work or suffering from particular deficits that need to be remedied by training and job readiness programs case by case.
Read more: ‘If JobSeeker was cut, the unemployed would be picking fruit’? Why that’s not true
Over the first two decades of this century, it has become evident this assumption is incorrect. The global financial crisis and the subsequent swing to austerity produced sustained high unemployment in much of the developed world.
While Australia avoided the worst consequences, thanks to well-timed stimulus (here and in China), the unemployment rate has failed to fall below 5 per cent as underemployment has climbed for more than a decade.
Any prospect of a rapid return to full employment has been dashed by the pandemic.
Read more: The jobs market is nowhere near as good as you’ve heard, and it’s changing us
Longer term, it is clear that many existing jobs will disappear as a result of technological change, and it isn’t clear that our current institutions will be able to manage the process.
While governments should commit to a return to full employment, they are unlikely to be completely successful.
Ready us for the future
The implementation of a liveable income guarantee would allow us to be better prepared in case they are not and to be better prepared for future disruptions, be they pandemics or anything else.
On the brighter side, technological progress has increased our productive capacity to the point where we can afford to support a much wider range of non-market contributions to a market economy. The crisis has shown us how important many of those contributions are.
Looking beyond the crisis, it is possible (relatively simple) to create a society in which everyone has a decent standard of living, and no-one is excluded.
Providing dignity to everyone who makes a contribution would benefit us all.
John Quiggin, Professor, School of Economics, The University of Queensland; Elise Klein, Senior Lecturer, Australian National University, and Troy Henderson, Lecturer in Political Economy, University of Sydney, University of Sydney
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. Read the original article.
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