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Kenley Kuoch, Swinburne University of Technology and Simon Robert Knowles, Swinburne University of Technology
Most of us don’t give much thought to going to the toilet. We go when we need to go.
But for a small minority of people, the act of urinating or defecating can be a major source of anxiety – especially when public restrooms are the only facilities available.
Paruresis (shy bladder) and parcopresis (shy bowel) are little known mental health conditions, yet they can significantly compromise a person’s quality of life.
We don’t know how many people have shy bowel, but research has estimated around 2.8 per cent-16.4 per cent of the population are affected by shy bladder. The condition is more common in males.
Our research explored the thought processes that underpin these conditions, with a view to understanding how they might best be treated.
Read more:
So many public toilets are a last resort – why not a restful refuge?
What are the symptoms?
Most of us will feel a little ‘grossed out’ from time to time when using public toilets. But what we’re talking about here is different and more serious.
People with shy bladder and shy bowel experience significant anxiety when trying to go to the toilet, especially in public places like shopping centres, restaurants, at work or at school. Sufferers may also experience symptoms in their own home when family or friends are around.
Their anxiety can present in the form of increased heart rate, excessive sweating, rapid breathing, muscle tension, heart palpitations, blushing, nausea, trembling, or a combination of these.
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Symptoms range in severity. Some people who are more mildly affected can experience anxiety but still be able to ‘go’, for example when the bathroom is completely empty. Others may urinate or defecate with difficulty – for example their urine stream may be inconsistent. Some people will sit on the toilet and not be able to go at all.
In severe cases, sufferers may hold it in until they get home. This is uncomfortable and can even have health consequences, such as urinary tract infections.
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Why queues for women’s toilets are longer than men’s
Sufferers report difficulties relating to employment, relationships and social life. For example, they might avoid travelling, going to parties, or attending large events like sports matches because of their symptoms.
Unfortunately, people with shy bladder or shy bowel will often feel shame and embarrassment, making them less likely to seek help.
It’s a type of social anxiety disorder
The DSM-5, a manual designed to help clinicians diagnose mental health conditions, classifies shy bladder as a sub-type of social anxiety disorder.
The DSM-5 doesn’t make specific mention of shy bowel, but with more research we hope to see it included in the future.
Social anxiety disorder is characterised by an excessive fear of social situations, including contact with strangers. People with the condition fear scrutiny by others, whether negative or positive evaluation.
We wanted to understand whether the thought processes that underpin shy bladder and shy bowel are similar to those demonstrated in people with social anxiety disorder.
Read more:
Explainer: what is social anxiety disorder?
Our research
We canvassed 316 undergraduate students in an online survey on shy bladder and shy bowel. Some 72 participants (22.8 per cent) self-reported symptoms of either one or both conditions.
We found these symptoms were influenced by particular patterns of thinking, including:
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a misinterpretation or distortion of information (for example, interpreting laughter in the restroom as being directed towards them)
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fears around potential perceived negative evaluation (for example, a fear of being criticised for taking too long to defecate, or for sounds and smells produced during urination or defecation)
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fears around potential perceived positive evaluation (for example, a fear of being evaluated too positively for a strong urine stream).
Using statistical modelling, we found fear of negative evaluation was the factor most strongly associated with shy bladder or shy bowel symptoms.
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Treatment
While our study was small and more research is needed, the thought processes we identified as underpinning shy bladder and shy bowel are very similar to those we know predict social anxiety symptoms.
As such, people with shy bladder or shy bowel may benefit from the sorts of treatments that help people with social anxiety disorder.
Cognitive behavioural therapy, for example, is known to reduce social anxiety symptoms.
The best way to help people with these conditions will be addressing the thought processes behind shy bladder and shy bowel, especially concerns around the perceptions others might evaluate or criticise one’s urination or defecation.
As well as targeting unhelpful thinking, like all anxiety conditions, reducing avoidance through gradual exposure work (putting oneself in anxiety-inducing situations where one will build confidence and tolerance around anxiety) is also likely to help.
Read more:
What’s the best way to go to the toilet – squatting or sitting?
If you can’t do what you need to do in a public restroom, know you’re not alone and you’re not going crazy. Shy bladder and shy bowel are genuine anxiety conditions and can have significant effects on your day-to-day functioning.
Discussing these symptoms with your doctor and/or mental health professional is likely to be an important step to freeing yourself from these conditions.
Kenley Kuoch, PhD Candidate in Psychology, Swinburne University of Technology and Simon Robert Knowles, Senior Lecturer and Clinical Psychologist, Swinburne University of Technology
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. Read the original article.
Have you ever experienced genuine difficulty going to a public toilet? Would you put off some outings as a result?
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