Justine Dandy, Edith Cowan University and Zoe Leviston, Australian National University
Big environmental changes mean ever more Australians will confront the tough choice of whether to move home or risk staying put.
Communities in the tropical north are losing residents as these regions become hotter and more humid. Repeated floods have communities along the east coast questioning their future. Others face rising bushfire risks that force them to weigh up the difficult decision to move home.
However, the decision-making process and relocation opportunities are not the same for everyone. Factors such as socio-economic disadvantage and how we are attached to a place influence decisions to move or stay, where people go and how they experience their new location.
Our research, working with other researchers at Edith Cowan University’s Centre for People, Place & Planet and Curtin University, seeks to document when and why people stay or go, and what this means for places and communities. In particular, our research suggests who is more likely to go may leave those who remain even more vulnerable.
We’ve been slow to adapt to increasing impacts
Climate change is global in scale and has compounding effects. It is increasing the frequency and intensity of disasters and extreme weather events such as heatwaves, fires, storms and floods. It is also accelerating environmental changes such as soil erosion, salinisation of waterways, loss of biodiversity, and land and water degradation.
Both sudden disruptions and gradual pervasive decline have impacts on the places where we live, work and play. So far, there has been little effective government action to improve climate change adaptation in Australia.
As we have seen in recent times in Lismore, New South Wales, and northern Victoria, for example, living in some flood-prone locations will become unaffordable due to insurance costs or simply uninsurable.
In other locations, different reasons will force residents to leave. It might be because environmental change threatens their livelihoods, or they can’t tolerate new conditions such as more long heatwaves or less reliable freshwater supplies. Others might not be able to endure the threat of another disaster.
In sum, living in the place they called home will not be sustainable.
What factors affect the decision to stay or go?
Not everyone can relocate to cooler or safer places. Systemic inequalities mean some people are more at risk from environmental change and have less capacity to respond than others. These vulnerable people include children (both before and after birth), women, older people, people on low incomes and/or with disability, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and other cultural and/or linguistic minorities.
In addition, housing is more affordable in areas that are hotter or flood prone. This makes it more likely to be owned or rented by people with fewer financial resources, compounding their disadvantage.
For First Nations peoples and communities, connections to and responsibilities for places (Country) are intimately intertwined with identity. For them, the impacts of climate change, colonisation and resettlement interact, further complicating the question of relocation.
Place attachment – the emotional bond between people and their environment – might suppress the urge to move. But environmental change might fundamentally alter the characteristics that make a place unique. What we once loved and enjoyed has then disappeared.
This sort of change impacts human health and results in feelings of loss and grief. It can prompt people to decide to leave.
So who stays and who leaves?
In our research, we found that when residents imagined the loss of what they valued about Perth’s environment this significantly increased their intentions to move away and significantly decreased place attachment. They nominated bushland, beaches, fauna and flora, and the climate/weather as characteristics they valued and feared changing or losing as climate change progressed. One study participant wrote:
It would be hotter and much more unpleasant in summer. I would miss the trees, plants and birds. I would hate living in a concrete jungle without the green spaces we have here. I would miss being able to cycle or walk to the local lakes to connect to nature and feel peaceful.
But social factors matter too. We found people who valued characteristics of Perth such as social relationships and lifestyle were more likely to stay as they tended to have less reduction in their place attachment.
We also found place attachment was associated with people acting to protect that place, such as protesting environmentally destructive policies. Yet people who were more likely to take such actions were also more likely to leave.
This could make the remaining community more vulnerable to further unwanted change. That’s because those who can afford to relocate are usually the ones with the resources – psychological, social, political and financial – to take action to protect their homes, neighbourhoods and cities.
Proper planning for adaptation is long overdue
Climate change impacts everyone. It causes significant economic and non-economic losses for both individuals and communities.
Many locations are becoming unliveable. A changing climate and inappropriately built or located housing interact to create conditions where some people can or should no longer stay.
Some will be prompted or forced to move, but not everyone has that capacity. Furthermore, relocation pressures have environmental, infrastructure and social consequences for the places to which they move.
The housing crisis in Australia adds to resource constraints and their impacts for individuals and communities. Relocating can also disrupt psychological, emotional, social and cultural connections that are crucial for people’s wellbeing.
We need co-ordinated, well-governed, long-term planning for people to move in the face of environmental change to ensure equitable and positive transitions for individuals and communities.
The authors wish to acknowledge the following contributors to this research: Professor Pierre Horwitz and Dr Naomi Godden (Centre for People, Place & Planet, ECU), Dr Deirdre Drake (School of Arts and Humanities, ECU) and Dr Francesca Perugia (School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University).
Justine Dandy, Associate Professor, Centre for People, Place & Planet, and School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University and Zoe Leviston, Research Fellow, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. Read the original article.
Are natural disasters becoming more common where you live? Are you considering moving? Let us know in the comments section below.
Also read: Climate change and healthcare driving up your living costs
Our forebears built by rivers to access the barges that bought goods along our rivers, these rivers also served the timber getters who clear felled cedar forests.
Our Councils have for centuries allowed people to build in flood plains, and are still doing so.
Our rivers always flood, we make changes to the flood plains which causes the natural flooding to look so much worse. Look worse? YES, houses in a rivers flood plain WILL GET flooded and this does look so bad (indeed it is).
Solution, check the past history of how the rivers flowed, they change course regularly and this leads to even more flooding.
I just don’t understand why human beings have the belief they control the weather, the winds, the sun, the rain, all the rivers, forests. Humans have the privilidge of living on this planet, we do not control anything but our actions.
Stop building on flood plains, simple and easy solution. Buy in a flood plain, epect to be flooded, no sympathy from me. I live on the Tweed River, when we bought we make sure the only water to affect us would be a tsunami.
To be polite, this article is a nonsense from start to finish. Whilst implying that it could be based on science, none of the authors are scientists.
In the second paragraph it makes claims that cannot be supported by facts. In no part of Australia has their been any climate change to the extent that people have had to move due to increases in temperature or extreme seasonal within a lifetime. Yes, there will be people who have fled areas because the reality of the normal local weather was not what they hoped for and imagined.
They refer to the floods in Lismore over the past few years as if they were truly extraordinary. No, the heart of Lismore is a flood plain and going back since it was first settled, the floods have come fairly regularly. But people have built and rebuilt and altered the catchments and flow paths. Anything in a water course that humans try to change, nature will take it back in due course.
The authors and the related Universities thrive on controversy to boost their enrollments and Government funding. Arts and Humanities are the sorts of courses where an equation can have as many variables and guestimates as are needed to get the desired answers. The answer can always be what the researchers want it to be.
There have always been many places around Australia that can be benign for months and then hellish for days and nights on end. Nothing to do with climate change, just natural forces.